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capacity planning - Windows server with less than 1% free memory - Server Fault - Prerequisites
Consult your hardware vendor documentation for configuring shared storage and networking hardware. Ensure power management in Windows Server is set to high performance.
Restart as required. Run ServerManager. Install the Failover Clustering , and Storage Replica roles and features on each of the nodes and restart them. If planning to use other roles like Hyper-V, File Server, etc. On SR-SRV04 or a remote management computer, run the following command in a Windows PowerShell console to install the required features and roles for a stretch cluster on the four nodes and restart them:. Ensure that each set of paired server nodes can see that site's storage enclosures only i.
You should use more than one single network adapter if using iSCSI. Provision the storage using your vendor documentation. After you setup your server nodes, the next step is to create one of the following types of clusters:. Skip this section and go to the Configure a file server for general use cluster section, if you want to create a file server cluster and not a Hyper-V cluster.
You will now create a normal failover cluster. After configuration, validation, and testing, you will stretch it using Storage Replica. You can perform all of the steps below on the cluster nodes directly or from a remote management computer that contains the Windows Server Remote Server Administration Tools.
Create the Hyper-V compute cluster. Ensure that the cluster name is 15 characters or fewer. Windows Server now includes an option for Cloud Azure -based Witness. You can choose this quorum option instead of the file share witness. Review Network Recommendations for a Hyper-V Cluster in Windows Server and ensure that you have optimally configured cluster networking.
Add one disk in the Redmond site to the cluster CSV. To do so, right click a source disk in the Disks node of the Storage section, and then click Add to Cluster Shared Volumes. Using the Deploy a Hyper-V Cluster guide, follow steps within Redmond site to create a test virtual machine only to ensure the cluster is working normally within the two nodes sharing the storage in the first test site.
If you're creating a two-node stretch cluster, you must add all storage before continuing. For example, to validate two of the proposed stretch cluster nodes that each have a D: and E: volume and run the test for 30 minutes:. Now you have mounted all your storage with drive letters, and can evaluate the cluster with Test-SRTopology. When using a test server with no write IO load on the specified source volume during the evaluation period, consider adding a workload or it Test-SRTopology will not generate a useful report.
You should test with production-like workloads in order to see real numbers and recommended log sizes. For instance, a sample with a low write IO workload for ten minutes to the D: volume: Diskspd. Once satisfied, remove the test virtual machine. Add any real test virtual machines needed for further evaluation to a proposed source node. There is no option to configure site awareness using Failover Cluster Manager in Windows Server Optional Configure VM resiliency so that guests do not pause for long during node failures.
Instead, they failover to the new replication source storage within 10 seconds. Create the File Server for General Use storage cluster you must specify your own static IP address the cluster will use. Configure a File Share Witness or Cloud Azure witness in the cluster that points to a share hosted on the domain controller or some other independent server.
For example:. Once satisfied, remove the test VM. Optional Configure VM resiliency so that guests do not pause for long periods during node failures. Create the File Server for General Use storage cluster. Under Roles , click Configure Role. Review Before you Begin and click Next. Provide a Client Access Point name 15 characters or fewer and click Next. Proceed through the wizard to configure shares. Create the Hyper-V compute cluster you must specify your own static IP address the cluster will use.
Windows Server now includes an option for cloud witness using Azure. For more information about quorum configuration, see the Understanding cluster and pool quorum.
For Hyper-V workloads, on one node where you have the data you wish to replicate out, add the source data disk from your available disks to cluster shared volumes if not already configured.
Do not add all the disks; just add the single disk. At this point, half the disks will show offline because this is asymmetric storage. If replicating a physical disk resource PDR workload like File Server for general use, you already have a role-attached disk ready to go. Select the appropriate destination data volume and click Next. The destination disks shown will have a volume the same size as the selected source disk.
When moving between these wizard dialogs, the available storage will automatically move and come online in the background as needed.
Select the appropriate source log disk and click Next. The source log volume should be on a disk that uses SSD or similarly fast media, not spinning disks. Select the appropriate destination log volume and click Next. The destination log disks shown will have a volume the same size as the selected source log disk volume.
Leave the Overwrite Volume value at Overwrite destination Volume if the destination volume does not contain a previous copy of the data from the source server.
If the destination does contain similar data, from a recent backup or previous replication, select Seeded destination disk , and then click Next. Change it to Asynchronous Replication if you plan to stretch your cluster over higher latency networks or need lower IO latency on the primary site nodes. Leave the Consistency Group value at Highest Performance if you do not plan to use write ordering later with additional disk pairs in the replication group.
If you plan to add further disks to this replication group and you require guaranteed write ordering, select Enable Write Ordering , and then click Next.
On the Summary screen, note the completion dialog results. You can view the report in a web browser. At this point, you have configured a Storage Replica partnership between the two halves of the cluster but replication is ongoing.
There are several ways to see the state of replication via a graphical tool. Use the Replication Role column and the Replication tab. When done with initial synchronization, the source and destination disks will have a Replication Status of Continuously Replicating. This event states the number of copied bytes and the time taken.
There should be no warnings of errors in this sequence. There will be many events; these indicate progress. CPU and memory usage are likely to be higher than normal until initial synchronization completes. Add the source data storage only to the cluster as CSV. To get the size, partition, and volume layout of the available disks, use the following commands:. Source and destination log volumes, where there is enough free space to contain the log size on both disks and the storage is SSD or similar fast media.
On the source server, run the following command and examine events , , , , , and On the destination server, run the following command to see the Storage Replica events that show creation of the partnership.
On the destination server, run the following command and examine events , , , , , and to understand the processing progress. Alternately, the destination server group for the replica states the number of byte remaining to copy at all times, and can be queried through PowerShell. To get replication source and destination state within the stretch cluster, use Get-SRGroup and Get-SRPartnership to see the configured state of replication in the stretch cluster.
Now you will manage and operate your stretch cluster. Archived from the original on October 28, Retrieved January 23, SoftNews SRL. September 14, Archived from the original on May 8, Retrieved January 25, Archived from the original on December 2, Archived from the original on October 13, Retrieved July 15, Windows Server Blog!
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Windows server 2012 standard max ram free. Memory Limits for Windows and Windows Server Releases
Mountain Lion Server, like Lion Server, was provided with unlimited client licenses, and once purchased could be run on an unlimited number of systems. There is no separate server edition of Mavericks, just as there was no separate server edition of Mountain Lion.
There is no separate server edition of Yosemite, just as there was no separate server edition of Mavericks. Version 5. OS X Server 5. Profile Manager supports new restrictions, payloads, and commands. Future versions of macOS will not be supported.
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August 27, Archived from the original on January 14, While a computer may be viewed as running one gigantic program stored in its main memory, in some systems it is necessary to give the appearance of running several programs simultaneously. This is achieved by multitasking i. By remembering where it was executing prior to the interrupt, the computer can return to that task later. If several programs are running "at the same time". Since modern computers typically execute instructions several orders of magnitude faster than human perception, it may appear that many programs are running at the same time even though only one is ever executing in any given instant.
This method of multitasking is sometimes termed "time-sharing" since each program is allocated a "slice" of time in turn. Before the era of inexpensive computers, the principal use for multitasking was to allow many people to share the same computer. If a program is waiting for the user to click on the mouse or press a key on the keyboard, then it will not take a "time slice" until the event it is waiting for has occurred.
This frees up time for other programs to execute so that many programs may be run simultaneously without unacceptable speed loss. Some computers are designed to distribute their work across several CPUs in a multiprocessing configuration, a technique once employed in only large and powerful machines such as supercomputers , mainframe computers and servers. Multiprocessor and multi-core multiple CPUs on a single integrated circuit personal and laptop computers are now widely available, and are being increasingly used in lower-end markets as a result.
Supercomputers in particular often have highly unique architectures that differ significantly from the basic stored-program architecture and from general-purpose computers. Such designs tend to be useful for only specialized tasks due to the large scale of program organization required to successfully utilize most of the available resources at once.
Supercomputers usually see usage in large-scale simulation , graphics rendering , and cryptography applications, as well as with other so-called " embarrassingly parallel " tasks. Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material form, such as programs, data, protocols, etc. Software is that part of a computer system that consists of encoded information or computer instructions, in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built. Computer software includes computer programs , libraries and related non-executable data , such as online documentation or digital media.
It is often divided into system software and application software Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own. There are thousands of different programming languages—some intended for general purpose, others useful for only highly specialized applications. The defining feature of modern computers which distinguishes them from all other machines is that they can be programmed.
That is to say that some type of instructions the program can be given to the computer, and it will process them. Modern computers based on the von Neumann architecture often have machine code in the form of an imperative programming language.
In practical terms, a computer program may be just a few instructions or extend to many millions of instructions, as do the programs for word processors and web browsers for example. A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions per second gigaflops and rarely makes a mistake over many years of operation. Large computer programs consisting of several million instructions may take teams of programmers years to write, and due to the complexity of the task almost certainly contain errors.
This section applies to most common RAM machine —based computers. In most cases, computer instructions are simple: add one number to another, move some data from one location to another, send a message to some external device, etc. These instructions are read from the computer's memory and are generally carried out executed in the order they were given.
However, there are usually specialized instructions to tell the computer to jump ahead or backwards to some other place in the program and to carry on executing from there. These are called "jump" instructions or branches. Furthermore, jump instructions may be made to happen conditionally so that different sequences of instructions may be used depending on the result of some previous calculation or some external event.
Many computers directly support subroutines by providing a type of jump that "remembers" the location it jumped from and another instruction to return to the instruction following that jump instruction. Program execution might be likened to reading a book. While a person will normally read each word and line in sequence, they may at times jump back to an earlier place in the text or skip sections that are not of interest.
Similarly, a computer may sometimes go back and repeat the instructions in some section of the program over and over again until some internal condition is met. This is called the flow of control within the program and it is what allows the computer to perform tasks repeatedly without human intervention.
Comparatively, a person using a pocket calculator can perform a basic arithmetic operation such as adding two numbers with just a few button presses. But to add together all of the numbers from 1 to 1, would take thousands of button presses and a lot of time, with a near certainty of making a mistake. On the other hand, a computer may be programmed to do this with just a few simple instructions. The following example is written in the MIPS assembly language :.
Once told to run this program, the computer will perform the repetitive addition task without further human intervention. It will almost never make a mistake and a modern PC can complete the task in a fraction of a second. In most computers, individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number its operation code or opcode for short. The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode; the command to multiply them would have a different opcode, and so on.
The simplest computers are able to perform any of a handful of different instructions; the more complex computers have several hundred to choose from, each with a unique numerical code. Since the computer's memory is able to store numbers, it can also store the instruction codes.
This leads to the important fact that entire programs which are just lists of these instructions can be represented as lists of numbers and can themselves be manipulated inside the computer in the same way as numeric data. The fundamental concept of storing programs in the computer's memory alongside the data they operate on is the crux of the von Neumann, or stored program, architecture.
This is called the Harvard architecture after the Harvard Mark I computer. Modern von Neumann computers display some traits of the Harvard architecture in their designs, such as in CPU caches. While it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers machine language and while this technique was used with many early computers, [h] it is extremely tedious and potentially error-prone to do so in practice, especially for complicated programs.
These mnemonics are collectively known as a computer's assembly language. Converting programs written in assembly language into something the computer can actually understand machine language is usually done by a computer program called an assembler. Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike natural languages , programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud.
They are generally either translated into machine code by a compiler or an assembler before being run, or translated directly at run time by an interpreter.
Sometimes programs are executed by a hybrid method of the two techniques. Machine languages and the assembly languages that represent them collectively termed low-level programming languages are generally unique to the particular architecture of a computer's central processing unit CPU. Although considerably easier than in machine language, writing long programs in assembly language is often difficult and is also error prone. Therefore, most practical programs are written in more abstract high-level programming languages that are able to express the needs of the programmer more conveniently and thereby help reduce programmer error.
High level languages are usually "compiled" into machine language or sometimes into assembly language and then into machine language using another computer program called a compiler. It is therefore often possible to use different compilers to translate the same high level language program into the machine language of many different types of computer.
This is part of the means by which software like video games may be made available for different computer architectures such as personal computers and various video game consoles. Program design of small programs is relatively simple and involves the analysis of the problem, collection of inputs, using the programming constructs within languages, devising or using established procedures and algorithms, providing data for output devices and solutions to the problem as applicable. As problems become larger and more complex, features such as subprograms, modules, formal documentation, and new paradigms such as object-oriented programming are encountered.
Large programs involving thousands of line of code and more require formal software methodologies. The task of developing large software systems presents a significant intellectual challenge.
Producing software with an acceptably high reliability within a predictable schedule and budget has historically been difficult; the academic and professional discipline of software engineering concentrates specifically on this challenge. Errors in computer programs are called " bugs ". They may be benign and not affect the usefulness of the program, or have only subtle effects.
But in some cases, they may cause the program or the entire system to " hang ", becoming unresponsive to input such as mouse clicks or keystrokes, to completely fail, or to crash. Bugs are usually not the fault of the computer. Since computers merely execute the instructions they are given, bugs are nearly always the result of programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design.
Computers have been used to coordinate information between multiple locations since the s. The U. In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet. The emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer. Computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored information, and the like, as extensions of the resources of an individual computer.
Initially these facilities were available primarily to people working in high-tech environments, but in the s the spread of applications like e-mail and the World Wide Web , combined with the development of cheap, fast networking technologies like Ethernet and ADSL saw computer networking become almost ubiquitous.
In fact, the number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally. A very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and receive information. A computer does not need to be electronic , nor even have a processor , nor RAM , nor even a hard disk. While popular usage of the word "computer" is synonymous with a personal electronic computer, [l] the modern definition of a computer is literally: " A device that computes , especially a programmable [usually] electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information.
There is active research to make computers out of many promising new types of technology, such as optical computers , DNA computers , neural computers , and quantum computers. Most computers are universal, and are able to calculate any computable function , and are limited only by their memory capacity and operating speed. However different designs of computers can give very different performance for particular problems; for example quantum computers can potentially break some modern encryption algorithms by quantum factoring very quickly.
There are many types of computer architectures :. Of all these abstract machines , a quantum computer holds the most promise for revolutionizing computing. The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators. The Church—Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a minimum capability being Turing-complete is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform.
Therefore, any type of computer netbook , supercomputer , cellular automaton , etc. A computer will solve problems in exactly the way it is programmed to, without regard to efficiency, alternative solutions, possible shortcuts, or possible errors in the code.
Computer programs that learn and adapt are part of the emerging field of artificial intelligence and machine learning. Artificial intelligence based products generally fall into two major categories: rule-based systems and pattern recognition systems. Rule-based systems attempt to represent the rules used by human experts and tend to be expensive to develop. Pattern-based systems use data about a problem to generate conclusions.
Examples of pattern-based systems include voice recognition , font recognition, translation and the emerging field of on-line marketing. As the use of computers has spread throughout society, there are an increasing number of careers involving computers. The need for computers to work well together and to be able to exchange information has spawned the need for many standards organizations, clubs and societies of both a formal and informal nature.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Automatic general-purpose device for performing arithmetic or logical operations. For other uses, see Computer disambiguation. Computers and computing devices from different eras. Main articles: History of computing and History of computing hardware. For a chronological guide, see Timeline of computing. Main article: Analog computer.
Main article: Stored-program computer. Main articles: Transistor and History of the transistor. Main articles: Integrated circuit and Invention of the integrated circuit.
Further information: Planar process and Microprocessor. See also: Classes of computers. Main articles: Computer hardware , Personal computer hardware , Central processing unit , and Microprocessor. Main article: History of computing hardware. Main articles: CPU design and Control unit. Main articles: Central processing unit and Microprocessor. Main article: Arithmetic logic unit. Main articles: Computer memory and Computer data storage.
Main article: Computer multitasking. Main article: Multiprocessing. Main article: Software. Main articles: Computer program and Computer programming. Main article: Programming language. Main article: Low-level programming language. Main article: High-level programming language. This section does not cite any sources.
Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. July Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: Software bug. Main articles: Computer networking and Internet. Main article: Human computer. See also: Harvard Computers.
Glossary of computers Computability theory Computer security Glossary of computer hardware terms History of computer science List of computer term etymologies List of fictional computers List of pioneers in computer science Pulse computation TOP list of most powerful computers Unconventional computing.
The containers thus served as something of a bill of lading or an accounts book. In order to avoid breaking open the containers, first, clay impressions of the tokens were placed on the outside of the containers, for the count; the shapes of the impressions were abstracted into stylized marks; finally, the abstract marks were systematically used as numerals; these numerals were finally formalized as numbers. Eventually the marks on the outside of the containers were all that were needed to convey the count, and the clay containers evolved into clay tablets with marks for the count.
Schmandt-Besserat estimates it took years. All of the architectures listed in this table, except for Alpha, existed in bit forms before their bit incarnations were introduced. Although the control unit is solely responsible for instruction interpretation in most modern computers, this is not always the case.
Some computers have instructions that are partially interpreted by the control unit with further interpretation performed by another device. For example, EDVAC , one of the earliest stored-program computers, used a central control unit that interpreted only four instructions.
All of the arithmetic-related instructions were passed on to its arithmetic unit and further decoded there. These so-called computer clusters can often provide supercomputer performance at a much lower cost than customized designs. While custom architectures are still used for most of the most powerful supercomputers, there has been a proliferation of cluster computers in recent years. However, this method was usually used only as part of the booting process. Most modern computers boot entirely automatically by reading a boot program from some non-volatile memory.
An x compatible microprocessor like the AMD Athlon 64 is able to run most of the same programs that an Intel Core 2 microprocessor can, as well as programs designed for earlier microprocessors like the Intel Pentiums and Intel This contrasts with very early commercial computers, which were often one-of-a-kind and totally incompatible with other computers. Interpreted languages are translated into machine code on the fly, while running, by another program called an interpreter.
Computer hardware may fail or may itself have a fundamental problem that produces unexpected results in certain situations. For instance, the Pentium FDIV bug caused some Intel microprocessors in the early s to produce inaccurate results for certain floating point division operations.
This was caused by a flaw in the microprocessor design and resulted in a partial recall of the affected devices. Online Etymology Dictionary.
To perform unplanned failover the replication direction from one site to another: cut power to both nodes in one site. In Windows Server , you may need to use Failover Cluster Manager or Move-ClusterGroup to move the destination disks back to the other site manually after the nodes come back online. To change the log size from the default 8GB, right-click both the source and destination log disks, click the Replication Log tab, then change the sizes on both the disks to match.
The default log size is 8GB. To add another pair of replicated disks to the existing replication group, you must ensure that there is at least one extra disk in available storage. You can then right-click the Source disk and select Add replication partnership. This need for an additional 'dummy' disk in available storage is due to a regression and not intentional. Failover Cluster Manager previously support adding more disks normally and will again in a later release.
Accept the warning prompt. You may need to use DiskMgmt. Replicas to determine the current source and destination of replication and their status. To measure replication performance, use the Get-Counter cmdlet on both the source and destination nodes. The counter names are:. For example, to set all logs to 2GB:. You can then right click the Source disk and select add replication partnership. If using a remote management computer you will need to specify the cluster name to these cmdlets and provide the two RG names.
Skip to main content. This browser is no longer supported. Download Microsoft Edge More info. Table of contents Exit focus mode. Table of contents. Important In this evaluation, servers in different sites must be able to communicate with the other servers via a network, but not have any physical connectivity to the other site's shared storage. Note You can use only as few as two nodes, where one node each is in each site. Important From this point on, always logon as a domain user who is a member of the built-in administrator group on all servers.
Note As of this point, the guide presumes you have two pairings of servers for use in a stretch cluster. Note Consult your hardware vendor documentation for configuring shared storage and networking hardware. Important Install the Failover Clustering , and Storage Replica roles and features on each of the nodes and restart them. Important You must create two volumes on each enclosure: one for data and one for logs. The two data volumes must be of identical size.
The two log volumes should be of identical size. All replicated data disks must have the same sector sizes. All log disks must have the same sector sizes. The log volumes should use flash-based storage and high performance resiliency settings. Microsoft recommends that the log storage be as faster than the data storage. Log volumes must never be used for other workloads. The log volume must be at least 9GB by default and can to be larger or smaller based on log requirements.
The File Server role is only necessary for Test-SRTopology to operate, as it opens the necessary firewall ports for testing. Note Skip this section and go to the Configure a file server for general use cluster section, if you want to create a file server cluster and not a Hyper-V cluster. Note You should expect storage errors from cluster validation, due to the use of asymmetric storage.
Important When using a test server with no write IO load on the specified source volume during the evaluation period, consider adding a workload or it Test-SRTopology will not generate a useful report. Note The File Server role must be installed on all nodes prior to continuing to the next step.
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